Obstáculos y resistencias en la paz alter-nativa. Etnografías comparadas de casos en la reincorporación de las FARC-EP en Colinas, Guaviare e Icononzo, Tolima en Colombia
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2024
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11/07/2023
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Han pasado más de 6 años desde la firma del acuerdo de paz del teatro Colón, entre el gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP en noviembre de 2016, y se han desplegado múltiples esfuerzos desde diversos actores en todo el territorio colombiano para hacer realidad un acuerdo, que ha tenido tantos defensores como detractores. A pesar de los evidentes esfuerzos desde sectores como la comunidad de reincorporados, las comunidades rurales, la cooperación internacional o la academia, y menos evidentes esfuerzos por parte del gobierno Duque, el camino de la implementación se ha visto truncado por muchas y diversas razones. "La paz territorial" contemplada en el acuerdo como el mecanismo de adaptación de las metas pactadas en los 6 puntos del acuerdo a las particularidades de cada territorio, ha demostrado ser inoperante, y esto repercute en cifras desalentadoras frente a los compromisos y cronograma pactado. Sin embargo y desde otra perspectiva, existen persistentes iniciativas desde los territorios, quienes, al margen de los incumplimientos del acuerdo, le apuestan a construir un escenario de paz en sus comunidades. Esta investigación analiza y compara dos casos de estudio de construcción de paz desde abajo, a partir de la descripción de obstáculos y resistencias en la experiencia de reincorporación de los habitantes de la vereda Las Colinas, en San José del Guaviare y del municipio de Icononzo en el Tolima. La construcción de una paz otra al acuerdo, pero que consigue activar los ecosistemas locales de colaboración la hemos denominado paz alter-nativa, un mecanismo que aporta al análisis de las acciones donde el ecosistema local logra articularse, encontrar sinergias y co-crear. Entender los obstáculos y resistencias para la construcción de paz desde la perspectiva alter-nativa y en un ejercicio de comparación de casos, nos permite generar múltiples aprendizajes y recomendaciones relevantes para fortalecer la "paz territorial" en el marco del acuerdo de paz, y proponer mecanismos para aprender a acompañar la reincorporación en escenarios de transición.
More than 6 years have passed since the signature of the peace accords between the Colombian government and the FARC-EP guerrilla in November 2016. Multiple efforts have been deployed throughout the territory, to materialize an accord that has had as many advocates as detractors. However, despite the manifest efforts from sectors such as the reincorporated community, the rural communities that hosted the process, the international cooperation or the academy, and the less evident efforts from Duque's government, the road of the implementation has been strongly truncated for complex and diverse reasons. The "Territorial peace", proposed in the peace accords as the main mechanism to adapt the goals presented in the 6 principal points of the accord to the particularities of the Colombian territory, has shown to be inoperative, and has repercussions in discouraging numbers facing the accord commitments and schedule agreed. Besides that, there are persistent initiatives from the territories, whom, regardless of the non-compliance of the peace accords, still bet every day to continue building a peace scenario for their communities. This research aims to analyze and compare two case studies of bottom-up peace building, from the understanding of the obstacles and resistances found in the reincorporation experience of communities in Colinas, Guaviare and Icononzo, Tolima. The building of a peace other than the official, that activates the local ecosystems of collaboration is presented here as the concept of alter-native peacebuilding, intending to be a mechanism for the analysis of actions where the local ecosystem achieves articulations, finds synergies and co-creates. Understanding the obstacles and resistances for peacebuilding from an alter-native perspective, and in a compared exercise, could generate relevant learnings and recommendations to strengthen the "territorial peace" contemplated in the peace accords, and to propose mechanisms to understand how a reincorporation process should be accompanied in transition scenarios.
More than 6 years have passed since the signature of the peace accords between the Colombian government and the FARC-EP guerrilla in November 2016. Multiple efforts have been deployed throughout the territory, to materialize an accord that has had as many advocates as detractors. However, despite the manifest efforts from sectors such as the reincorporated community, the rural communities that hosted the process, the international cooperation or the academy, and the less evident efforts from Duque's government, the road of the implementation has been strongly truncated for complex and diverse reasons. The "Territorial peace", proposed in the peace accords as the main mechanism to adapt the goals presented in the 6 principal points of the accord to the particularities of the Colombian territory, has shown to be inoperative, and has repercussions in discouraging numbers facing the accord commitments and schedule agreed. Besides that, there are persistent initiatives from the territories, whom, regardless of the non-compliance of the peace accords, still bet every day to continue building a peace scenario for their communities. This research aims to analyze and compare two case studies of bottom-up peace building, from the understanding of the obstacles and resistances found in the reincorporation experience of communities in Colinas, Guaviare and Icononzo, Tolima. The building of a peace other than the official, that activates the local ecosystems of collaboration is presented here as the concept of alter-native peacebuilding, intending to be a mechanism for the analysis of actions where the local ecosystem achieves articulations, finds synergies and co-creates. Understanding the obstacles and resistances for peacebuilding from an alter-native perspective, and in a compared exercise, could generate relevant learnings and recommendations to strengthen the "territorial peace" contemplated in the peace accords, and to propose mechanisms to understand how a reincorporation process should be accompanied in transition scenarios.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, leída el 11-07-2023