Caracterización jurídica del contrato de permuta financiera sobre acciones cotizadas o índices bursátiles ("Equity swap")
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2017
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21/01/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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El presente estudio tiene por objeto analizar el régimen jurídico del contrato de permuta financiera sobre acciones o índices bursátiles, considerando sus aspectos de contratación mercantil, societarios, bancario-bursátiles y concursales más relevantes. La temática de los contratos de derivados financieros no es desconocida para la doctrina mercantil o la jurisprudencia que ha abordado el nacimiento y desarrollo de los instrumentos financieros derivados dentro del análisis del fenómeno de la innovación financiera que hizo surgir primero las opciones, los futuros y los swaps o permutas financieras, como las principales categorías negociales de derivados financieros, y, posteriormente, otros contratos de derivados como los contratos de cobertura de riesgos con techo (“caps”) o suelo (“floors”), los contratos de cobertura del riesgo de crédito o los contratos por diferencias. El contrato de permuta financiera, por la tipicidad social derivada de su habitualidad en el tráfico mercantil, ha sido objeto de numerosos trabajos y monografías de alta cualificación que han analizado la naturaleza jurídica y caracteres del contrato, con especial atención a la categoría de los contratos de permuta financiera de cobertura del riesgo de tipo de interés. Sobre estos últimos se ha suscitado una importante conflictividad judicial en torno a la existencia de posibles vicios del consentimiento en la contratación de permutas financieras de cobertura del riesgo de tipo de interés de los préstamos hipotecarios canalizados a través de la red minorista de las entidades de crédito al amparo del deber legal de ofrecimiento de coberturas hipotecarias. Dentro de las distintas clases de swaps, el contrato de permuta financiera sobre acciones cotizadas o índices bursátiles (“equity swap”) en su denominación anglosajona, es un contrato mercantil, bilateral y atípico de derivados financieros, de naturaleza extrabursátil (OTC) y no compensado, que pese a su difusión en los mercados de valores y al volumen ciertamente importante de los derivados extrabursátiles referenciados al valor de las acciones o de los índices bursátiles, apenas ha sido caracterizado en la doctrina, existiendo contados pronunciamientos judiciales que lo abordan. El activo subyacente del contrato pueden ser valores o índices bursátiles. Pese a la denominación contractual, el contrato no puede abarcar en la misma operación a ambos activos subyacentes y solo puede ser, de forma disyuntiva, de permuta financiera sobre acciones o sobre índices bursátiles, pero no de permuta financiera sobre acciones e índices bursátiles conjuntamente...
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the legal regime for equity swaps (in Spanish: contrato de permuta financiera sobre acciones o índices bursátiles), considering the most salient commercial and contractual, corporate, bank/stock market and insolvency arrangement factors thereof. The topic of financial derivative contracts is not completely alien to commercial legal doctrine or case law, which has addressed the birth and development of financial derivative instruments as part of the analysis of the financial innovation phenomenon that first gave rise to options, futures and swaps as the main commercial categories of financial derivatives and, subsequently, other derivatives such as interest rate caps and floors, credit risk hedges and contracts for difference. Because of their commercial characteristics deriving from their common usage in business dealings, swaps have formed the subject-matter of numerous high quality papers and monographs analysing the legal nature and characteristics of swaps, with particular focus on the category of interest rate swaps. Considerable legal controversy has arisen regarding interest rate swaps in relation to the existence of potential defects of consent in the arrangement of interest rate swaps on mortgages channelled through the retail network of credit institutions falling under the legal duty to offer mortgage hedges. Within the different classes of swaps, equity swaps are commercial, bilateral, atypical, over-the-counter (OTC) financial derivative contracts that are not netted which, although they are widespread on the securities markets and represent a clearly significant volume of OTC transactions tied to the value of shares or stock market indices, they have hardly been described in legal doctrine, as there are few court judgments that address them. The underlying asset of the contract may be securities or stock market indices. The contract, despite its contractual name in Spanish (contrato de permuta financiera sobre acciones cotizadas o índices bursátiles), cannot cover both underlying assets in the same transaction and can only be either a swap involving shares or a swap involving stock market indices, and not a swap involving both at the same time. The main objective of our analysis is the legal and commercial characterization of equity swaps in a pertinent and original paper that examines a very novel area of research...
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the legal regime for equity swaps (in Spanish: contrato de permuta financiera sobre acciones o índices bursátiles), considering the most salient commercial and contractual, corporate, bank/stock market and insolvency arrangement factors thereof. The topic of financial derivative contracts is not completely alien to commercial legal doctrine or case law, which has addressed the birth and development of financial derivative instruments as part of the analysis of the financial innovation phenomenon that first gave rise to options, futures and swaps as the main commercial categories of financial derivatives and, subsequently, other derivatives such as interest rate caps and floors, credit risk hedges and contracts for difference. Because of their commercial characteristics deriving from their common usage in business dealings, swaps have formed the subject-matter of numerous high quality papers and monographs analysing the legal nature and characteristics of swaps, with particular focus on the category of interest rate swaps. Considerable legal controversy has arisen regarding interest rate swaps in relation to the existence of potential defects of consent in the arrangement of interest rate swaps on mortgages channelled through the retail network of credit institutions falling under the legal duty to offer mortgage hedges. Within the different classes of swaps, equity swaps are commercial, bilateral, atypical, over-the-counter (OTC) financial derivative contracts that are not netted which, although they are widespread on the securities markets and represent a clearly significant volume of OTC transactions tied to the value of shares or stock market indices, they have hardly been described in legal doctrine, as there are few court judgments that address them. The underlying asset of the contract may be securities or stock market indices. The contract, despite its contractual name in Spanish (contrato de permuta financiera sobre acciones cotizadas o índices bursátiles), cannot cover both underlying assets in the same transaction and can only be either a swap involving shares or a swap involving stock market indices, and not a swap involving both at the same time. The main objective of our analysis is the legal and commercial characterization of equity swaps in a pertinent and original paper that examines a very novel area of research...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Mercantil, leída el 21/01/2016