Los métodos basados en la duración de la mirada: ¿una ventana a la cognición temprana?
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2012
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Taylor & Francis
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Los métodos experimentales para estudiar el desarrollo temprano han dominado la investigación en desarrollo cognitivo temprano durante las últimas décadas. La mayoría de las investigaciones se han llevado a cabo en laboratorios infantiles que utilizan la mirada de los bebés y niños pequeños como variable dependiente. Estos métodos han permitido acceder a información sobre capacidades cognitivas tempranas que anteriormente era impensable. En este trabajo revisamos, con una mirada crítica, las investigaciones que han utilizado dos métodos paradigmáticos: la habituación (en la variante llamada “violación de expectativas”) y la preferencia visual intermodal. Ambos permiten, respectivamente, valorar los avances realizados en la investigación sobre capacidades perceptivas y representacionales, y desarrollo lingüístico. Discutimos aspectos metodológicos como la elección del diseño y las medidas de las variables dependientes. Asimismo, se revisan las interpretaciones de los datos procedentes de estas investigaciones y la difusión que han tenido para promover una visión determinada del desarrollo temprano.
Experimental methods used to study early development have dominated research on early cognitive development during the last decades. Most of the research carried out has used looking time measures as the dependent variable. These methods have given access to information on early cognitive abilities previously unthinkable. The paper critically reviews research work using two paradigmatic methods: habituation (the variant called “violation of expectations”), and intermodal visual preference. These two paradigms allow us to evaluate research progress on the study of complex cognitive-linguistic process, such as object perception, and the development of early grammar comprehension, respectively. Methodological aspects such as the choice of the design and measures of dependent variables are discussed. We also review the interpretation of data from these research studies and the diffusion they have had in order to promote a certain view of early development.
Experimental methods used to study early development have dominated research on early cognitive development during the last decades. Most of the research carried out has used looking time measures as the dependent variable. These methods have given access to information on early cognitive abilities previously unthinkable. The paper critically reviews research work using two paradigmatic methods: habituation (the variant called “violation of expectations”), and intermodal visual preference. These two paradigms allow us to evaluate research progress on the study of complex cognitive-linguistic process, such as object perception, and the development of early grammar comprehension, respectively. Methodological aspects such as the choice of the design and measures of dependent variables are discussed. We also review the interpretation of data from these research studies and the diffusion they have had in order to promote a certain view of early development.