Between faith and profit: religio-cultural ethics and economic pragmatism in the conservation of senepis peatland, Riau, Indonesia

Abstract

Peatlands are globally significant carbon sinks and hotspots of biodiversity, yet they face intense pressure from agricultural expansion, plantation development, and infrastructure projects. Conservation policy for these ecosystems must therefore negotiate competing priorities: the economic imperatives of local and national development, and the cultural — particularly Islamic and Malay — values that shape community relationships to land and natural resources. This study examined how Islamic ethical principles and Malay cultural norms intersect with, reinforce, or conflict with economic drivers influencing peatland use in Senepis peatland, Riau, Indonesia. Drawing on qualitative analysis of literature, policy documents, and survey, we identify three patterns: (1) cultural-religious frameworks often provide strong moral support for conservation when local leaders translate ecological stewardship into religious obligation and customary practice; (2) economic incentives—both formal and informal—frequently undermine conservation unless alternative livelihoods or benefit-sharing mechanisms exist; and (3) hybrid governance approaches that integrate Islamic ethics, adat institutions, and market-based instruments yield more durable conservation outcomes. We conclude that effective peatland conservation in the area requires policy instruments that align economic benefits with cultural and religious values, strengthen local customary and religious leadership, and create equitable livelihood alternatives.