El caso Johns Hopkins de 1971: antecedentes y consecuencias
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2017
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19/01/2016
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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A raíz de una presentación sobre el caso Baby Doe (1982) en un curso de bioética, se ha realizado una investigación para saber si, en Estados Unidos, habían existido casos previos de deliberación pública y profesional sobre la limitación del tratamiento a neonatos con malformaciones graves o enfermedades congénitas severas que requirieran intervenciones quirúrgicas para preservar la vida y, en caso afirmativo, analizar cómo habían transcurrido esos debates. Se encontraron dos casos bien documentados y un debate británico que influyó en las deliberaciones acerca del segundo, el caso Johns Hopkins. Con la hipótesis de que el caso Johns Hopkins puede considerarse el origen de la bioética referida a la toma de decisiones vitales en neonatología, se procedió a verificarlo y a : 1) analizar los antecedentes relativos a la actitud médica ante los neonatos con esas características; 2) determinar las causas que motivaron la publicidad del caso Johns Hopkins; 3) mostrar las líneas principales del debate suscitado por el caso Johns Hopkins en la década de 1970. El único caso documentado en Estados Unidos en la primera mitad del siglo es el de Baby Bollinger en 1915, debido a su exposición pública por el médico responsable, el Dr Harry Haiselden, por lo que se analiza el debate en los medios de comunicación, entre los profesionales y en las revistas médicas. A continuación se lleva a cabo un recorrido histórico sobre la actitud médica ante neonatos con las características vistas hasta los años 60, cuando tuvieron lugar una serie de eventos que, por una parte, darían lugar al nacimiento de la bioética y, por otra, desembocarían en la presentación pública, en 1971, del caso Johns Hopkins. Paralelamente se exponen los debates, en Gran Bretaña, acerca del manejo médico de los neonatos con mielomeningocele, por su importancia e influencia, dada la comunidad lingüística y cultural de dicho país con Estados Unidos...
Following a presentation on the 1982 Baby Doe case during a bioethics course, research has been carried out to determine whether previous public and professional debates about withholding life-saving surgical procedures from severely malformed newborns or from those with seriously congenital disorders had been conducted in the United States, and if so, to analyze how those deliberations developed. Two well-documented cases, among them the Johns Hopkins case, and a British debate that influenced the latter, were found. Based on the working hypothesis that the Johns Hopkins case can be regarded as the origin of bioethics in its relation to life and death decisions in neonatology, verification was carried out. Also, the precedents related to physicians’ attitude towards disabled neonates were analyzed, the causes for the publicity generated by the Johns Hopkins case were identified, and furthermore the most important lines of debate triggered by the above-mentioned case during the seventies were presented. Results: In the first half of the 20th century, the public exposition of the case by Harry Haiselden, the attending doctor, turned the 1915 Baby Bollinger case into the only welldocumented case in the USA. Therefore, the debate it sparked off in the mass media, among physicians as well as in medical publications is examined. Besides, a historical overview about physicians’ attitude towards disabled newborns until de sixties, when a series of events took place, is provided. These events would, on one hand, lead to the birth of bioethics, and on the other, to the public presentation of the Johns Hopkins case in 1971. Moreover, and due to their impact in the medical field in the USA, British debates on the treatment of children born with spina bifida are examined. Finally, it has been examined the Johns Hopkins case and its immediate consequences, namely, the beginning of bioethical deliberations about the medical management of severely malformed newborns and of those with seriously congenital disorders along the seventies...
Following a presentation on the 1982 Baby Doe case during a bioethics course, research has been carried out to determine whether previous public and professional debates about withholding life-saving surgical procedures from severely malformed newborns or from those with seriously congenital disorders had been conducted in the United States, and if so, to analyze how those deliberations developed. Two well-documented cases, among them the Johns Hopkins case, and a British debate that influenced the latter, were found. Based on the working hypothesis that the Johns Hopkins case can be regarded as the origin of bioethics in its relation to life and death decisions in neonatology, verification was carried out. Also, the precedents related to physicians’ attitude towards disabled neonates were analyzed, the causes for the publicity generated by the Johns Hopkins case were identified, and furthermore the most important lines of debate triggered by the above-mentioned case during the seventies were presented. Results: In the first half of the 20th century, the public exposition of the case by Harry Haiselden, the attending doctor, turned the 1915 Baby Bollinger case into the only welldocumented case in the USA. Therefore, the debate it sparked off in the mass media, among physicians as well as in medical publications is examined. Besides, a historical overview about physicians’ attitude towards disabled newborns until de sixties, when a series of events took place, is provided. These events would, on one hand, lead to the birth of bioethics, and on the other, to the public presentation of the Johns Hopkins case in 1971. Moreover, and due to their impact in the medical field in the USA, British debates on the treatment of children born with spina bifida are examined. Finally, it has been examined the Johns Hopkins case and its immediate consequences, namely, the beginning of bioethical deliberations about the medical management of severely malformed newborns and of those with seriously congenital disorders along the seventies...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública (Historia de la Ciencia), leída el 19-01-2016