Validation of the suicidal history self-rating scale (SHSS) in young adults: A bifactor model approach to suicide risk assessment

Abstract

Background and objectives: Accurately assessing suicide risk requires tools that capture both its multidimensional nature and its temporal course. This study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Suicidal History Self-Rating Scale (SHSS), a self-reported, multidimensional instrument designed to assess suicidal ideation and behavior across two time frames: the last 12 months and the lifetime before. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to compare unidimensional, two-factor, and bifactor models. Reliability was assessed using Omega coefficients, and concurrent validity was evaluated through correlations with the Paykel scale. The study used a convenience sample of 817 Spanish young adults (18–35 years old). Results: The bifactor models provided the best fit, identifying a prominent general suicide risk factor. Specific factors varied by period: suicidal ideation performed better in the 12-month frame, while suicidal behavior was more stable in the lifetime frame. The SHSS demonstrated excellent internal consistency (ωT = 0.96 − 0.97) and strong concurrent validity with the Paykel scale (ρ = 0.645 − 0.695). Conclusions: These findings support the SHSS as a reliable, valid, and efficient self-report tool for screening suicide risk in young adults. Its 12-month subscale might be valuable in emergency psychiatry for predicting imminent risk. Simultaneously, the lifetime assessment allows for the identification of historical “acquired capability” and long-term risk trajectories.