Effectiveness of the PElEO program to develop the entrepreneurial potential of Spanish students in Secondary Education and Vocational Training
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication date
2025
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier
Citations
Exportar
Citation
Martín-Gutiérrez, Á.; Fernández-Salinero, C.; García-Mora, Mª E. & Montero-Pedrera, An Mª. (2025). Effectiveness of the PElEO program to develop the entrepreneurial potential of Spanish students in Secondary Education and Vocational Training, Social Sciences & Humanities Open, Volume 11, 101365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101365.
Abstract
The general aim of the investigation was to determine the effectiveness of the PElEO program (educational program for the development of entrepreneurial potential in adolescents) in Spanish students (males and females). It was carried out with a pre-test and post-test design in a sample divided into a control group and an experimental group of students registered in the educational stages of Secondary Education and Vocational Training in order to test the hypotheses related to participation in the PElEO program and its effectiveness in formative dimensions considered. The program was effective and promoted the development of entrepreneurial potential and each of its five dimensions (Creativity, Personal Control, Goal Orientation, Leadership and Intuition for Problem Solving) in the group of individuals who participated. However, its impact was more pronounced among men than women, revealing potential entrepreneurial dimensions already present in women, establishing the bases for future entrepreneurial education proposals, and building upon those delineated in the European model Entrecomp. The originality of this study lies in the combination of three elements: 1) the analysed concept (entrepreneurial potential) and the terms associated with it; 2) entrepreneurship education in Spain currently conceived as the means for its development; and 3) the design, implementation, and analysis of the results of an entrepreneurship education program (PElEO), which provides relevant data about the differences between women and men.
Description
This work is part of a competitive project called \u201CFormaci\u00F3n del Potencial Emprendedor. Generaci\u00F3n de un Modelo Educativo de Identidad Emprendedora \u2013 PElEO\u201D (PID2019-104408GB-I00), carried out with the collaboration of the State Research Agency, Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). You can learn more about the project through the following link: https://institucional.us.es/peleo2020.
Referencias bibliográficas:
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
• Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior, an introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley, Publishing Company.
• Al-Qadasi, N., Zhang, G., Al-Jubari, I., Al-Awlaqi, M. A., & Aamer, A. M. (2024). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour: Do self-efficacy and attitude matter?. The International Journal of Management Education, 22(1), 100945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100945
• Allport, G. W. (1935). “Attitudes”: a Handbook of social psychology. Clark University Press. Worcester Mass.
• Amado, M., Guzman, A., & Cuero, Y. A. (2024). Influence of reputation, innovation, and knowledge on the performance of MSMEs in the orange economy sector. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2388227
• Aman, R., Elo, M., Ahokangas, P., & Zhang, X. (2024). Empowering migrant women's entrepreneurship: stakeholder perspectives from the entrepreneurial ecosystem. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 30(7), 1698-1724. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2023-0425
• Amofah, K., & Saladrigues, R. (2022). Impact of attitude towards entrepreneurship education and role models on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-022-00197-5
• Anderman, E. M. (2020). Achievement motivation theory: Balancing precision and utility. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101864
• Athayde, R. (2009). Measuring enterprise potential in young people. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 33(2), 481-500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00300
• Athayde, R. (2012). The impact of enterprise education on attitudes to enterprise in young people: an evaluation study. Education+ training, 54(8/9), 709-726. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274846
• Azqueta, A. (2019). Analysis of the concept of 'entrepreneur' and its incorporation into the educational environment. Teoria de la Educacion, 31(1), 57-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/teri.19756
• Azqueta, A., & Naval, C. (2019). Educacion para el emprendimiento: una propuesta para el desarrollo humano. Revista Espanola de Pedagogia, 77(274), 517-533. https://doi.org/10.22550/REP77-3-2019-03
• Azqueta, A., Sanz-Ponce, R., Nunez-Canal, M., & Montoro-Fernandez, E. (2024). Evaluacion del impacto de un programa de formacion del potencial emprendedor en estudiantes de educacion secundaria. Estudios sobre Educacion, 47, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.15581/004.47.009
• Baalbaki, C., & El Khoury, A. (2024). Rural entrepreneurship and inequality: exploring trends in emerging economies through the lens of Lebanon. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2023-0489
• Bacigalupo, M. (2019). The European Entrepreneurship Competence Framework (EntreComp). A conceptual model built and tested by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. Journal of Creative Industries and Cultural Studies-JOCIS, 3(2), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.56140/JOCIS-v4-2
• Bacigalupo, M., Kampylis, P., Punie, Y., & Van den Brande, G. (2016). EntreComp: the entrepreneurship competence framework. European Union-Joint Research Centre.
• Baessler, J., & Schwarzer, R. (1996). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Spanish adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Ansiedad y Estres, 2(1), 1-8.
• Baggen, Y., Lans, T., Biemans, H.J.A., Kampen, J.K. & Mulder, M. (2016). Fostering Entrepreneurial Learning On-the-Job: evidence from innovative small and medium-sized companies in Europe. European Journal of Education, 51(2), 193-209. DOI: 10.1111/ejed.12171
• Batista, R. M., Fernandez-Laviada, A., Medina, Ma. P., Esteban. N., Rueda, I., & Sanchez, L. (2015). Educacion en emprendimiento. En, A. Fernandez-Laviada, (Dir.). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Informe GEM Espana 2014 (pp.125-145), Universidad de Cantabria.
• Bernal, A. (2021). Educacion emprendedora. Sintesis.
• Bernal, A. (2022). Formacion de la identidad emprendedora. Bosquejo de un modelo. En A. Bernal (Coord.), Identidad emprendedora. Hacia un modelo educativo (pp. 23-53). Tirant Lo Blanch.
• Bernal, A., & Cardenas, A. R. (2014). La formacion de emprendedores en la escuela y su repercusion en el ambito personal, Una investigacion narrativa centrada en el programa EME. Revista Espanola de Pedagogia, 72(257), 125-144. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23766817
• Bernal, A., & Cardenas, A. R. (2017). Assessment of enterprise potential in students. A longitudinal study. Educacion XX1, 20(2), 73-94. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.19032
• Bernal, A., Cardenas, A. R., & Athayde, R. (2021). Attitude Toward Enterprise Test: adaptation to Spanish (ATE-S). Bordon, Revista de Pedagogia, 73(1), 19-37. https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2021.71417
• Blanca-Mena, M. J., Alarcon-Postigo, R., Arnau-Gras, J., Bono-Cabre, R., & Bendayan, R. (2017). Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema, 29(4), 552-557. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.383
• Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Competencies in the 21st century. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810840730
• Cardenas, A. R., & Athayde, R. (2022). Las actitudes conformadoras del potencial emprendedor. En A. Bernal (Ed.). Identidad emprendedora, Hacia un modelo educativo (pp. 55-84). Tirant Lo Blanch.
• Cardenas-Gutierrez, A. R., Martin-Gutierrez, A., & Montoto-Fernandez, E. M. (2023). Programa educativo para el desarrollo del potencial emprendedor en adolescentes: PEIEO. Aljibe.
• Cuevas-Vargas, H., Parga-Montoya, N., & Fernandez-Escobedo, R. (2019). Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: The Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction-A Formative-Reflective Model Analysis. SAGE Open, 9(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019859088
• Donoso, M. (2017). Evaluacion de la educacion emprendedora en la adolescencia. Incidencia del Programa Icaro en la identidad emprendedora [Doctoral Thesis, Universidad de Sevilla]. https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/65029
• Elitas, C. I., Clement, M., & Moulen, S. (2023). The influence of the college environment on the development of entrepreneurial intentions. African Journal of Business Management, 17(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM2022.9391
• Etzioni, A. (1961). Complex Organizations. Holt.
• Eurydice (2016). La educacion para el emprendimiento en los centros educativos en Europa. Informe de Eurydice. Oficina de Publicaciones de la Union Europea. http://doi.org/10.2797/770868
• Fernandez-Salinero, C. (2021). Dimension curricular de la educacion emprendedora. En A. Bernal (Ed.), Educacion emprendedora (pp. 25-34). Sintesis.
• Fernandez-Salinero, C., & De la Riva, B. (2014). Entrepreneurial Mentality and Cultures of Entrepreneurship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 139(22), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.044
• Fernandez-Salinero, C., Garcia-Mora, Ma E., Montero-Pedrera, A. Ma., & Martin-Gutierrez, A. (2023a). La formacion del potencial emprendedor en perspectiva de genero. En A. Bernal (Ed.), Avances en educacion emprendedora. Genesis y desarrollo del potencial emprendedor (pp. 119-150). Piramide.
• Fernandez-Salinero, C., Martin-Gutierrez, A., & Montoro-Fernandez, E. (2023b). Redes europeas de emprendimiento para la formacion profesional para el empleo. En, M.A. Santos-Rego, M. Lorenzo-Moledo y J. Garcia-Alvarez, (eds.), la educacion en red. Una perspectiva multidimensional (pp.243-271). Barcelona: Octaedro.
• Fillis, I.R & Rentschler, R. (2010). The Role of Creativity in Entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 18(1), 49-81. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495810000501
• Garcia-Rodriguez, F. J., Gutierrez-Tano, D., & Ruiz-Rosa, I. (2019). Analysis of the potential of entrepreneurship education in young children. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 9(1), 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2017-0064
• Gibb, A. A. (2002). In pursuit of a new “enterprise” and “entrepreneurship” paradigm for learning: Creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(3), 233-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00086
• Gorostiaga, A., Balluerka, N., Ulacia, I., & Aliri, J. (2018). Personal Initiative Assessment in the Educational Field and its Relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude and Academic Achievement. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnostico y Evaluacion-e Avaliacao Psicologica, 3(48), 105-116. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/12428
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W.C. (1999). Analisis Multivariante. Prentice Hall.
• Hannon, P. D. (2005). Teaching pigeons to dance: Sense and meaning in entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 47(8/9), 464-478. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610677018
• Iizuka, E. S., de Moraes, G., & de Souza, M. G. (2024). College environment and entrepreneurial intention in high school. Revista de Gestao, 31(1), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-10-2021-0189
• INE-SIS - Spanish Institute of Statistics (2023). Tasa de paro por distintos grupos de edad, sexo y comunidad autonoma. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=4247
• Jesson, J. (2012). Developing creativity in the primary school. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Kirkley, W.W. (2017), Cultivating entrepreneurial behaviour: entrepreneurship education in secondary schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-04-2017-018
• Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800307
• Kumasey, A. S., Delle, E., Alfa, A. A., Abdul-Nasiru, I., Quansah, F., Alpha, M. A., & Kudo, M. B. (2024). Career adaptability and entrepreneurial intentions: the role of future time perspective and promotion focus behavior. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2370446
• Kyambade, M., Kaliisa, G., Birungi, F., & Tushabe, M. (2024). Social capital and self-employment of persons with disabilities (PWDs): mediation role of self-efficacy. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2393888
• Laguia, A., Garcia-Ael, C., Wach, D., & Moriano, J. A. (2019). Think entrepreneur-think male: a task and relationship scale to measure gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 5, 749-772. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0553-0
• Legatzke, H., Current, D., & LaPan, C. (2024). Applying the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to Examine the Efficacy of Community-Based Tourism at Equitably Promoting Local Livelihood Opportunities. Tourism Planning & Development, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2024.2391509
• Linan, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A Systematic Literature Review on Entrepreneurial Intentions: Citation, Thematic Analyses, and Research Agenda. Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11, 907-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5
• Luis-Rico, I., Escolar-Llamazares, M. C., De la Torre-Cruz, T., Jimenez, A., Herrero, A., Palmero-Camara, C., & Jimenez-Eguizabal, A. (2020). Entrepreneurial interest and entrepreneurial competence among Spanish youth: an analysis with artificial neural networks. Sustainability, 12(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041351
• Martin, B. C., McNally, J. J., & Kay, M. J. (2013). Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002
• Mayor-Zaragoza, F. (2009). Los limites del crecimiento. Temas para el Debate, 181, 10-16. https://bit.ly/44oyVeH
• Mayorga, F., Arias, D., Mayorga, I., & Coloma, L. (2019). Liderazgo: una habilidad generncial fundamental en el exito de una empresa del siglo XXI. RECIMUNDO: Revista Cientifica de Investigacion y Conocimiento, 3(3), 1061-1084. https://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/3.(3).septiembre.2019.1061-1084
• McCarney, R., Warner, J., Iliffe, S., Van Haselen, R., Griffin, M., & Fisher, P. (2007). The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-7-30
• McClelland, D.C. (1988). Human motivation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139878289
• Ministerio de Trabajo y de Economia Social (2023). Trabajadores y trabajadoras autonomos, personas fisicas en alta en la Seguridad Social. Ministerio de Trabajo y de Economia Social (Spain). https://bit.ly/3M2ynnM
• Minniti, M., & Nardone, C. (2007). Being in someone else's shoes: the role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2-3), 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9017-y
• Moriano, J. A., Palaci, F. J., & Morales, J. F. (2007). The psychosocial profile of the university entrepreneur. Psychology in Spain, 11(1), 72-84.
• Nunez-Canal, M. (2017). La educacion emprendedora en el sistema escolar espanol. Universitas. Organic Law 3/2020, of December 29th, which modifies Organic Law 2/2006, of May 3rd, on Education (2020). Official State Gazette, December 30, pp. 122868-122953. https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2020-17264
• Nunez-Canal, M., Sanz Ponce, R. S., Azqueta, A., & Montoro-Fernandez, E. (2023). How Effective Is Entrepreneurship Education in Schools? An Empirical Study of the New Curriculum in Spain. Education Sciences, 13, 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070740
• Neck, H. M., & Greene, P. G. (2011). Entrepreneurship Education: Known Worlds and New Frontiers. Journal of Small Business Management, 49, 55-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00314.x
• Osorio, F. F., & Londono, J. C. (2015). Entrepreneurial intention in middle and high school students: Using the exposure effect to extend the theory of planned behaviour. Cuadernos de Administracion, 28(51), 103-131. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=20543851004
• Quattrini, D. (2023). “Ser creativo”? Una sensibilidad necesaria para el mundo del trabajo? Revista Reflexiones, 102(19), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.15517/rr.v102i1.45178
• Recommendation 2006/962/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council, 18 December 2006, on key competences for lifelong learning, (Official Journal of the European Union, L 394, 30 December 2016).
• Recommendation 2018/C189/01 of the Council, of 22 May 2018 on key competences for lifelong learning (text with EEA relevance), (Official Journal of the European Union, C 189, 4 June 2018).
• Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalozed expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographies: General and Applied, 80(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092976
• Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). The role of intuition in entrepreneurship and business venturing decisions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(2), 212-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2015.1029046
• Sahu, C. K., & Panda, R. K. (2024). Evaluating the relationship between entrepreneurial ecosystem, resilience and SME performance in post-pandemic period. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 13(3), 491-506. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-12-2023-0136
• Santos, F. J., Linan, F., & Roomi, M. A., (2010). A cognitive attempt to understanding female entrepreneurial potential: the role of social norms and culture, Document de Treball 10/8, Departament d'Economia de l'Empresa. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.
• Schwartz, S. J. (2004). Brief report: Construct validity of two identity status measures: the EIPQ and the EOM-EIS-II. Journal of adolescence, 27(4), 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.005
• Shapero, A. T. (1985). The entrepreneurial event. Ohio State University.
• Siegel, R. W. (1991). Cluster-assembled nanophase materials. Annual Review of Materials Science, 21(1), 559-578. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.21.080191.003015
• Silva, N., Fernandez-Robin, C., Yanez, D., & Romani, G. (2021). Influence of educational programs oriented toward entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurial intention of university students: the case of Chile. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administracion, 34(3), 445-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-06-2020-0146
• St-Jean, E., Audet, J. (2012). The role of mentoring in the learning development of the novice entrepreneur. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8, 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-009-0130-7
• Suarez-Ortega, M., Sanchez-Garcia, M. F., & Soto-Gonzalez, M. D. (2020). Development of the entrepreneurial career: identification of profiles, skills and needs. Revista Complutense de Educacion, 31(2), 173-184. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rced.62001
• Terzieva, L., Rooijackers, M., Gutierrez, O., & Van Dam, A. (2022). University education and the training of professionals for the 21st century company. In J. P Becerra & J. S. Quiroz (Coord.), Innovative Teaching in Higher Education (pp. 108-139). European Commission.
• Tolentino, H. (2020). Habilidades sociales y estrategias didacticas para la formacion del liderazgo desde la educacion basica. Revista Educacion, 44(2), 690-705. https://dx.doi.org/10.15517/revedu.v44i2.40270
• Toti, J. F., Diallo, M. F., & Huaman, R. (2021). Ethical sensitivity in consumers's decision-making: The mediating and moderating role of internal locus of control. Journal of Business Research, 131, 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.045
• Vazquez-Rodriguez, A., Garcia-Alvarez, J., & Lorenzo Moledo, M. (2023). ¿Que hacer ante el riesgo de una generacion perdida? Juventud y empleo en una era de incertidumbre. Estudios sobre Educacion, 44, 81-107. https://doi.org/10.15581/004.44.004
• Wagner, T. (2014). The global achievement gap: Why even our best schools don't teach the new survival skills our children need-and what we can do about it. Basic Books.
• Wang, C., & Thai, M. T. (2024). Entrepreneurial orientation in the social network age: Navigating with dynamic capabilities and cognitive flexibility. Industrial Marketing Management, 121, 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.07.001Get.rights.and.content
• Werner, K.M., Milyavskaya, M., Klimo, R., & Levine, S. L. (2019). Examining the unique and combined effects of grit, trait self-control, and conscientiousness predicting motivation for academic goals: A commonality analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 81, 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.003
• Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x
• Yetkin, U., & Tuncalp, D. (2024). Refugee Entrepreneurship: Resolving Multi-contextuality and Differential Exclusion. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-024-05769-x