Los enemigos de la patria. La representación del
otro durante la Guerra Civil Española en los textos escolares del fascismo italiano (1936-1943)
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2020
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Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
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La Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) fue un campo de batalla que, si bien se desarrolló en el territorio nacional, tuvo un alcance y participación que traspasó las fronteras del país. El bando sublevado contó con la ayuda principal de dos potencias extranjeras para acabar con la Segunda República: la Alemania nazi y la Italia fascista. Sería precisamente esta última la que invirtiera un mayor esfuerzo económico y logístico, pues Mussolini vería en España un posible aliado mediterráneo, afín a su modelo del fascismo italiano. La presente investigación se propone conocer cuál fue la representación del enemigo, en este caso el bando republicano, en los textos escolares de los últimos años de la dictadura del Duce en Italia. Los textos han sido consultados en el Centro di documentazione e ricerca sulla storia del libro scolastico e della letteratura per l’infanza – Museo Paolo e Ornella Ricca de la Università degli Studi di Macerata (Italia). Los resultados muestran cómo los manuales escolares de la época, de materias como historia, lecturas, geografía o enseñanzas patrióticas, reflejaban una imagen del bando republicano asociada a la tiranía, demonizando su intervención en el conflicto bélico con narraciones que exaltan la violencia, el anticatolicismo y la vinculación con el comunismo soviético o la anarquía.
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a battlefield that, although it developed nationally, had a scope and participation that crossed the borders of Spain. The rebel side asked for help of two foreign powers in challenging the Second Republic: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It would be precisely the latter that would invest a greater economic and logistical effort, due to how Mussolini saw in Spain a possible Mediterranean ally, one akin to his model of Italian fascism. The present research attempts to discover how the enemy – in this case the Republican side – was represented in the school textbooks of the last years of the Duce's dictatorship in Italy. The texts were consulted in the Centro di documentazione e ricerca sulla storia del libro scolastico e della letteratura per l’infanza at the University of Macerata (Italy). The results show how the school manuals of that time, in subjects such as history, readings, geography or patriotic teachings, reflected an image of the republican side associated with tyranny, demonizing their intervention in the warlike conflict with narratives that exalt violence and anti-Catholicism and identifying them with Soviet communism and anarchy.
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a battlefield that, although it developed nationally, had a scope and participation that crossed the borders of Spain. The rebel side asked for help of two foreign powers in challenging the Second Republic: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. It would be precisely the latter that would invest a greater economic and logistical effort, due to how Mussolini saw in Spain a possible Mediterranean ally, one akin to his model of Italian fascism. The present research attempts to discover how the enemy – in this case the Republican side – was represented in the school textbooks of the last years of the Duce's dictatorship in Italy. The texts were consulted in the Centro di documentazione e ricerca sulla storia del libro scolastico e della letteratura per l’infanza at the University of Macerata (Italy). The results show how the school manuals of that time, in subjects such as history, readings, geography or patriotic teachings, reflected an image of the republican side associated with tyranny, demonizing their intervention in the warlike conflict with narratives that exalt violence and anti-Catholicism and identifying them with Soviet communism and anarchy.