Estatuto procesal-penal de la persona jurídica: perspectivas, pruebas y autoincriminación
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2024
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02/12/2022
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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La responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica ha constituido un indudable hito en el sistema penal español. La nueva existencia de un sujeto pasivo del proceso plantea múltiples interrogantes sobre la titularidad de los derechos constitucionales y su alcance. En una primera aproximación, entendemos que es necesario reconocer estos derechos a los entes colectivos, aunque el origen de estos trae causa en la tuición frente a los poderes públicos por razón de la dignidad humana. Esa protección sigue siendo necesaria para las corporaciones aunque no se pueda predicar que es por causa de su propia dignidad, salvo que expandamos este concepto al sustrato humano que contiene toda entidad. Parece claro, en todo caso, que no se puede trasladar miméticamente unos derechos creados para el ser humano a una ficción jurídica como es el ente colectivo, lo que nos aboca a un derecho de segunda categoría. Dentro de los distintos derechos procesales, en concreto el derecho a no declarar contra sí mismo, aunque inicialmente nos inclinemos por su reconocimiento, sin embargo existen sobrados motivos para entender que se trata de un derecho menor, que muchas veces se queda residenciado en un plano programático, teórico o dogmático, pero con enorme dificultad para ser llevado a la práctica de forma efectiva. Analizamos en este trabajo la responsabilidad de la persona jurídica desde la óptica de la autoincriminación en el ánimo de plantear interrogantes y algunas soluciones para que no se aboque a la irrelevancia procesal. Nuestra visión es pesimista. Estamos ante un derecho que, aplicado a las personas jurídicas, languidece. El punto de partida resulta ser una ecuación irresoluble: el deber de colaborar con las Administraciones Públicas en cumplimiento de las distintas obligaciones normativas dela persona jurídica, por un lado y, por otro, el derecho al silencio en orden a no colaborar con su propia autoincriminación...
The criminal liability of corporations and public entities has become an undoubted milestone in the Spanish criminal system. The mere existence of a new passive subject in the judicial process raises obvious questions about the ownership of constitutional rights and their scope. At the outset, these rights must be acknowledged for collective entities, although the origin of such rights has its roots in the tuition athwart the public powers which derivate from basic human dignity. That protection continues to be necessary for corporations, even though it cannot be claimed that it is for the sake of their own dignity, unless we expand this concept to the human substratum that contains every entity. It seems clear, in any case, that rights created for human beings cannot be mimetically transferred to a legal fiction such as the collective entity, which will inevitably lead us to a second-rate right. Within the different procedural rights, specifically the right not to self-incriminate, although initially we are inclined to acknowledge it, however, there are plenty of reasons to understand that it is a minor right, which often remains nestled in a programmatic dimension, theoretical or dogmatic, but extremely hard to put into practice effectively...
The criminal liability of corporations and public entities has become an undoubted milestone in the Spanish criminal system. The mere existence of a new passive subject in the judicial process raises obvious questions about the ownership of constitutional rights and their scope. At the outset, these rights must be acknowledged for collective entities, although the origin of such rights has its roots in the tuition athwart the public powers which derivate from basic human dignity. That protection continues to be necessary for corporations, even though it cannot be claimed that it is for the sake of their own dignity, unless we expand this concept to the human substratum that contains every entity. It seems clear, in any case, that rights created for human beings cannot be mimetically transferred to a legal fiction such as the collective entity, which will inevitably lead us to a second-rate right. Within the different procedural rights, specifically the right not to self-incriminate, although initially we are inclined to acknowledge it, however, there are plenty of reasons to understand that it is a minor right, which often remains nestled in a programmatic dimension, theoretical or dogmatic, but extremely hard to put into practice effectively...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, leída el 02/12/2022