Nuevos alergenos de Anisakis simplex: estudios in silico e in vitro
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2018
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22/05/2017
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Anisakis simplex es un nematodo parásito cuyas larvas de tercer estadio pueden encontrarse en productos de la pesca de captura marina y ocasionar síntomas alérgicos tras ingerirlas vivas en pescados crudos o poco cocinados que no hayan sido congelados. Estos síntomas alérgicos pueden ser locales o generalizados según la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedador, distinguiéndose tres fenotipos clínicos: anisakiosis gástrica, anisakiosis gastroalérgica y urticaria crónica asociada a sensibilización por Anisakis. La anisakiosis gástrica (AG) se caracteriza por una reacción inflamatoria aguda, de tipo alérgico y local debida a la penetración gástrica o intestinal del nematodo. Por otro lado, la anisakiosis gastroalérgica (AGA) puede presentar igualmente síntomas digestivos, pero éstos son sobrepasados por síntomas alérgicos agudos generalizados que van desde urticaria o angioedema, hasta anafilaxia. Finalmente, la urticaria crónica asociada a sensibilización por Anisakis (UC+) se produce en pacientes que tras un episodio de parasitación previa por Anisakis desarrollan urticaria crónica. La urticaria crónica se caracteriza por la aparición de habones espontáneamente al menos dos veces por semana en un periodo de, como mínimo, seis semanas. La urticaria crónica es una patología sin una causa definida pero se conoce bien su mecanismo efector: la degranulación de los mastocitos. Debido a que el conocimiento de los mecanismos inmunológicos previos a la degranulación de los mastocitos es escaso para esta patología, intentamos descubrir nuevas posibles causas de urticaria crónica a través del estudio serológico de pacientes sensibilizados y no sensibilizados a A. simplex. Los síntomas alérgicos de la anisakiosis se deben a que el ser humano no es un hospedador natural de este parásito y además se trata de un parasitismo agudo o intermitente por lo que no parece posible que Anisakis module la respuesta inmunológica como sucede en otras helmintosis humanas. En el caso de Anisakis es preciso que la larva viva penetre desde la luz intestinal para que la reacción alérgica se produzca, por lo tanto los “alergenos” de Anisakis no se comportan como los alergenos alimentarios. Sin embargo, debido a la existencia de un área en el campo de la alergología que estudia la detección y caracterización de alergenos, se han estudiado estos antígenos parasitarios inductores de IgE presentes en las larvas de Anisakis de la misma manera que el resto de alergenos alimentarios...
Anisakis simplex is a parasitic nematode whose third stage larvae can be found in marine fishery products. These larvae may cause allergic symptoms when they are ingested in raw or undercooked fish that have not been previously frozen. The allergic symptoms can be local or generalized, depending on the immune response of the host, resulting in three clinical phenotypes: gastric anisakiasis, gastroallergic anisakiasis and Anisakis sensitization-associated chronic urticaria. Gastric anisakiasis (GA) is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction of an allergic and localized nature, due to gastric or intestinal penetration by the nematode. Gastro-allergic anisakiasis (GAA) can also produce digestive symptoms, but these are exceeded by generalized acute allergic symptoms ranging from urticaria or angioedema, to anaphylaxis. Finally, Anisakis sensitization-associated chronic urticaria (CU+) occurs in patients who develop chronic urticaria after a previous parasitic episode involving Anisakis. Chronic urticaria is characterized by the spontaneous appearance of wheals at least twice per week over a period of at least six weeks. Chronic urticaria is a pathology without a defined cause but its effector mechanism is well-known: the degranulation of mast cells. Because knowledge of the immunological mechanisms that occur prior to mast-cell degranulation is scarce for this particular pathology, we tried to discover new possible causes of chronic urticaria via the serological study of patients who are sensitized to A. simplex as well as those who are not sensitized. The allergic symptoms of anisakiasis develop because humans are not natural hosts for this parasite. Furthermore, it is an acute or intermittent form of parasitism so it does not appear possible that Anisakis can modulate the immune response as occurs in other human helminthiases. In the case of Anisakis, it is necessary for live larvae penetrate the gut in order for the allergic reaction to take place. Therefore the Anisakis’ "allergens" do not behave the way food allergens do. However, thanks to a sector of the allergology field that studies the detection and characterization of allergens, the IgEinducing parasitic antigens that are present in Anisakis larvae have been studied in the same way as food allergens...
Anisakis simplex is a parasitic nematode whose third stage larvae can be found in marine fishery products. These larvae may cause allergic symptoms when they are ingested in raw or undercooked fish that have not been previously frozen. The allergic symptoms can be local or generalized, depending on the immune response of the host, resulting in three clinical phenotypes: gastric anisakiasis, gastroallergic anisakiasis and Anisakis sensitization-associated chronic urticaria. Gastric anisakiasis (GA) is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction of an allergic and localized nature, due to gastric or intestinal penetration by the nematode. Gastro-allergic anisakiasis (GAA) can also produce digestive symptoms, but these are exceeded by generalized acute allergic symptoms ranging from urticaria or angioedema, to anaphylaxis. Finally, Anisakis sensitization-associated chronic urticaria (CU+) occurs in patients who develop chronic urticaria after a previous parasitic episode involving Anisakis. Chronic urticaria is characterized by the spontaneous appearance of wheals at least twice per week over a period of at least six weeks. Chronic urticaria is a pathology without a defined cause but its effector mechanism is well-known: the degranulation of mast cells. Because knowledge of the immunological mechanisms that occur prior to mast-cell degranulation is scarce for this particular pathology, we tried to discover new possible causes of chronic urticaria via the serological study of patients who are sensitized to A. simplex as well as those who are not sensitized. The allergic symptoms of anisakiasis develop because humans are not natural hosts for this parasite. Furthermore, it is an acute or intermittent form of parasitism so it does not appear possible that Anisakis can modulate the immune response as occurs in other human helminthiases. In the case of Anisakis, it is necessary for live larvae penetrate the gut in order for the allergic reaction to take place. Therefore the Anisakis’ "allergens" do not behave the way food allergens do. However, thanks to a sector of the allergology field that studies the detection and characterization of allergens, the IgEinducing parasitic antigens that are present in Anisakis larvae have been studied in the same way as food allergens...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Parasitología, leída el 22/05/2017