Emotions and heuristics: the state of perplexity in mathematics

Abstract

Using data provided by an empirical exploratory study with mathematics undergraduates, this paper discusses some key variables in the interaction between affective and cognitive dimensions in the perplexity state in problem solving. These variables are as follows: heuristics, mathematical processes, appraisal processes [pleasantness, attentional activity, control (self-other responsibility/control, situational control), certainty, goal-path obstacle, anticipated effort and mental flexibility], as well as the relationships these variables have with different emotions that make up perplexity. Fuzzy sets were introduced as a tool to capture and accurately reflect the diversity and subjectivity in the interplay between cognition and emotion. The descriptive analysis of the responses to a fuzzy rating scale-based questionnaire shows the interaction between variables linked to the dimensions of control and certainty and students’ ability to cope with perplexity in performance in mathematics. The study also adds novel considerations related to the function and interaction of mathematics cognitive processes that are linked to appraisal processes, namely, the perception of goal-path obstacle, attentional activity and mental flexibility that contributes to the ability to solve simpler problem components involved in mathematical performance.