Lecciones básicas de economía social y emprendimiento social
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2022
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Abstract
La Economía Social es el conjunto de las actividades económicas y empresariales, que en el ámbito privado llevan a cabo aquellas entidades que sobre la base de la primacía de las personas y del fin social sobre el capital, persiguen bien el interés colectivo de sus integrantes, bien el interés general económico o social, o ambos. Y esto lo hacen aplicando principios de solidaridad interna y con la sociedad y mostrándose independientes respecto a los poderes públicos.
Sus rasgos definitorios son:
✓ Son entidades privadas.
✓ Están organizadas formalmente, es decir, tienen personalidad jurídica propia.
✓ Gozan de autonomía de decisión. Sus socios tienen libertad de adhesión y por tanto no hay afiliación obligatoria.
✓ La eventual distribución de beneficios o excedentes entre los socios usuarios, si se produce, no es proporcional al capital o a las cotizaciones aportadas por los mismos, sino de acuerdo con la actividad que estos realizan con la entidad.
✓ Ejercen una actividad económica en sí misma considerada para satisfacer necesidades de personas, hogares o familias. Trabajan con capital y otros recursos no monetarios.
✓ Son organizaciones con decisión democrática.
La promulgación de la Ley 5/2011, de 29 de marzo, de Economía Social supuso un paso definitivo para que la Economía Social en España haya llegado a tener el protagonismo que tiene a día de hoy. Dicha Ley engloba un conjunto de entidades, a saber:
✓ Cooperativas.
✓ Mutualidades.
✓ Fundaciones y asociaciones que lleven a cabo actividad económica.
✓ Sociedades laborales.
✓ Empresas de inserción.
✓ Centros especiales de empleo.
✓ Cofradías de pescadores.
✓ Sociedades agrarias de transformación.
✓ Entidades singulares creadas por normas específicas regidas por los principios orientadores ya referidos.
✓ Entidades que realicen actividad económica y empresarial, cuyas reglas de funcionamiento respondan a los principios enumerados en el artículo anterior, y que sean incluidas en el catálogo de entidades.
Dichas entidades se clasifican en entidades de mercado y no de mercado con base en la función que desempeñan y todas ellas asumen como reglas de funcionamiento los principios cooperativos emanados de la Cooperativa de los Justos Pioneros de Rochdale.
Un entramado jurídico soporta la actividad desarrollada por cada una de las entidades que conforman la Economía Social; así encontramos legislaciones de ámbito estatal y autonómica para regularlas dependiendo de la transferencia de competencias que se haya realizado a las diferentes Comunidades Autónomas.
La Economía Social en España representa el 10 por ciento del PIB, el 12,5 por ciento del empleo y la población vinculada alcanza el 48,2 por ciento. Datos que por sí solo ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las fórmulas jurídicas integradas en este colectivo.
Un conjunto de instituciones de ámbito estatal, autonómico y local promueven, acompañan y soportan a la economía social. Desde la administración pública (en sus niveles estatal, autonómico y local), hasta las entidades representativas, cuyo máximo exponente es la Confederación Empresarial Española de la Economía Social (CEPES), como las Universidades y grupos de investigación que no cesan en el empeño de difundir el cooperativismo y las otras fórmulas de la Economía Social como vía para la democratización del mercado, la justicia social, la localización de las empresas en el territorio, el desarrollo territorial y la cohesión social.
La Economía Social pone a las personas en el centro y por encima del capital y de cualesquiera otros elementos de la economía y la sociedad, y es por ello por lo que son instrumentos idóneos para la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agencia 2030, y por lo que cualquier iniciativa que pueda desarrollarse a través de entidades de la Economía Social puede considerarse Emprendimiento Social.
The Social Economy is the set of economic and business activities carried out in the private sphere by those entities that, on the basis of the primacy of people and the social purpose over capital, pursue either the collective interest of their members or the general economic or social interest, or both. And they do this by applying principles of solidarity internally and with society, and by being independent of the public authorities. Their defining features are: ✓ They are private entities. ✓ They are formally organised, i.e. they have their own legal personality. ✓ They enjoy decision-making autonomy. Their members are free to join and therefore there is no compulsory membership. ✓ Any distribution of profits or surpluses among user-members, if any, is not proportional to the capital or contributions made by them, but in accordance with the activity they carry out with the institution. ✓ They exercise an economic activity in itself considered to meet the needs of individuals, households or families. They work with capital and other non-monetary resources. ✓ They are democratically decided organisations. The enactment of Law 5/2011, of 29 March, on the Social Economy was a definitive step for the Social Economy in Spain to achieve the prominence it has today. This Law encompasses a set of entities, namely: ✓ Cooperatives. ✓ Mutual societies. ✓ Foundations and associations that carry out economic activity. ✓ Labour companies. ✓ Insertion companies. ✓ Special employment centres. ✓ Fishermen's guilds. ✓ Agricultural transformation companies. ✓ Singular entities created by specific rules governed by the guiding principles referred to above. ✓ Entities carrying out economic and entrepreneurial activity, the operating rules of which comply with the principles listed in the preceding Article, and which are included in the catalogue of entities. These entities are classified into market and non-market entities on the basis of the function they perform and all of them assume as their operating rules the co-operative principles emanating from the Rochdale Righteous Pioneers Co-operative. A legal framework supports the activity carried out by each of the entities that make up the Social Economy; thus we find legislation at state and autonomous community level to regulate them depending on the transfer of powers that has been made to the different Autonomous Communities. The Social Economy in Spain accounts for 10 percent of GDP, 12.5 percent of employment and 48.2 percent of the population. These figures alone highlight the importance of the legal formulas integrated in this group. A series of institutions at state, regional and local level promote, accompany and support the social economy. From the public administration (at state, regional and local levels), to the representative bodies, whose greatest exponent is the Spanish Social Economy Business Confederation (CEPES), to universities and research groups that never cease in their efforts to disseminate cooperativism and other social economy formulas as a means of democratising the market, social justice, the localisation of companies in the territory, territorial development and social cohesion. The Social Economy places people at the centre and above capital and any other elements of the economy and society, which is why they are ideal instruments for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the Agency 2030, and why any initiative that can be developed through Social Economy entities can be considered Social Entrepreneurship.
The Social Economy is the set of economic and business activities carried out in the private sphere by those entities that, on the basis of the primacy of people and the social purpose over capital, pursue either the collective interest of their members or the general economic or social interest, or both. And they do this by applying principles of solidarity internally and with society, and by being independent of the public authorities. Their defining features are: ✓ They are private entities. ✓ They are formally organised, i.e. they have their own legal personality. ✓ They enjoy decision-making autonomy. Their members are free to join and therefore there is no compulsory membership. ✓ Any distribution of profits or surpluses among user-members, if any, is not proportional to the capital or contributions made by them, but in accordance with the activity they carry out with the institution. ✓ They exercise an economic activity in itself considered to meet the needs of individuals, households or families. They work with capital and other non-monetary resources. ✓ They are democratically decided organisations. The enactment of Law 5/2011, of 29 March, on the Social Economy was a definitive step for the Social Economy in Spain to achieve the prominence it has today. This Law encompasses a set of entities, namely: ✓ Cooperatives. ✓ Mutual societies. ✓ Foundations and associations that carry out economic activity. ✓ Labour companies. ✓ Insertion companies. ✓ Special employment centres. ✓ Fishermen's guilds. ✓ Agricultural transformation companies. ✓ Singular entities created by specific rules governed by the guiding principles referred to above. ✓ Entities carrying out economic and entrepreneurial activity, the operating rules of which comply with the principles listed in the preceding Article, and which are included in the catalogue of entities. These entities are classified into market and non-market entities on the basis of the function they perform and all of them assume as their operating rules the co-operative principles emanating from the Rochdale Righteous Pioneers Co-operative. A legal framework supports the activity carried out by each of the entities that make up the Social Economy; thus we find legislation at state and autonomous community level to regulate them depending on the transfer of powers that has been made to the different Autonomous Communities. The Social Economy in Spain accounts for 10 percent of GDP, 12.5 percent of employment and 48.2 percent of the population. These figures alone highlight the importance of the legal formulas integrated in this group. A series of institutions at state, regional and local level promote, accompany and support the social economy. From the public administration (at state, regional and local levels), to the representative bodies, whose greatest exponent is the Spanish Social Economy Business Confederation (CEPES), to universities and research groups that never cease in their efforts to disseminate cooperativism and other social economy formulas as a means of democratising the market, social justice, the localisation of companies in the territory, territorial development and social cohesion. The Social Economy places people at the centre and above capital and any other elements of the economy and society, which is why they are ideal instruments for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the Agency 2030, and why any initiative that can be developed through Social Economy entities can be considered Social Entrepreneurship.