Descentralización de los sistemas de salud: revisión sistemática de la literatura y estudio de caso en Guinea Ecuatorial
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2016
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11/11/2015
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Las intervenciones dirigidas a fortalecer los sistemas de salud, en sus distintas tipologías y formas, han demostrado ser una herramienta esencial para mejorar y mantener la salud de la población. A pesar de esto, no está claro qué modelo de sistema de salud es más efectivo o qué organización estructural mejora la gobernanza global del sistema. Las reformas del sector salud basadas en atención primaria de salud (APS) han sido posiblemente las más extendidas de los últimos 30 años. La estrategia de APS se reconoció como el pilar fundamental para la consecución del objetivo de salud para todos en el año 2000, y se centró en dos elementos principales que se añadían al modelo de cuidados: la promoción de la salud basada en la lucha contra los determinantes sociales de la salud, y la descentralización de los servicios de salud asociado a participación comunitaria. Mientras la eficacia de las estrategias basadas en atención primaria ha sido ampliamente demostrada tanto en países de renta alta como en países de bajos recursos, no existe consenso entre los investigadores sobre si la descentralización, de forma aislada, es una reforma que mejora el desempeño de los sistemas de salud o si es una estrategia adecuada para países con bajos recursos. A pesar de ello, la mayor parte de los países africanos se embarcaron en los años 80 en procesos de descentralización a diferentes escalas con el aumentar la sostenibilidad del sistema y mejorar su eficiencia. Aunque las reformas han variado en la magnitud de la reforma, todas ellas han compartido dos elementos: descentralización del sistema de salud y utilización de fondos rotatorios para medicamentos esenciales...
Strategies to strengthen health systems have been shown to improve health outcomes and people well-being in different settings. However, it is not clear what type of health care model is more effective or which governance arrangements improve decision making processes. Primary health care reforms have been widely applied over the last 30 years. Primary health care was identified as one of the core elements to achieve “health for all by the year 2000”. This strategy, which was defined in 1978, included the provision of a package of essential curative services combined with health promotion activities to address social determinants for health and health system decentralization to increase community participation in the decision making processes. Whereas primary health care approaches have been demonstrated to be effective in different settings, there is no consensus on whether decentralization of the health system is an effective reform or an appropriate strategy for low resource settings. Despite this, most African countries started a series of health sector reforms aimed at improving the sustainability and efficiency of their health systems at the beginning of the 80s. Even though the reforms varied in scale and scope, they all had two elements in common: decentralization to districts with a primary health care approach and implementation of revolving funds in health facilities for essential medicines...
Strategies to strengthen health systems have been shown to improve health outcomes and people well-being in different settings. However, it is not clear what type of health care model is more effective or which governance arrangements improve decision making processes. Primary health care reforms have been widely applied over the last 30 years. Primary health care was identified as one of the core elements to achieve “health for all by the year 2000”. This strategy, which was defined in 1978, included the provision of a package of essential curative services combined with health promotion activities to address social determinants for health and health system decentralization to increase community participation in the decision making processes. Whereas primary health care approaches have been demonstrated to be effective in different settings, there is no consensus on whether decentralization of the health system is an effective reform or an appropriate strategy for low resource settings. Despite this, most African countries started a series of health sector reforms aimed at improving the sustainability and efficiency of their health systems at the beginning of the 80s. Even though the reforms varied in scale and scope, they all had two elements in common: decentralization to districts with a primary health care approach and implementation of revolving funds in health facilities for essential medicines...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia, leída el 11-11-2015