Los procesos penales en Europa: Líneas de evolución y tendencias de reforma
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2009
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El presente trabajo pretende analizar las tendencias que han impulsado las reformas de los procesos penales en los países de Europa a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, con especial atención al desarrollo legislativo en Alemania, Francia y Reino Unido, además de en España. En un primer momento, predominó el esfuerzo por reforzar las garantías del sujeto pasivo y por establecer modelos de proceso penal más acusatorios y contradictorios. A esta tendencia se le sumaron con posterioridad otras dos: de un lado, la necesidad de que el proceso penal sirva para la tutela de los derechos e intereses de la víctima; de otro, promover una mayor eficacia en la persecución penal de las modalidades delictivas más graves y de la criminalidad organizada, permitiendo la adopción en esos ámbitos de medidas cautelares y de investigación fuertemente restrictivas de derechos fundamentales. En el momento actual, y de cara al futuro, deben añadirse las reformas exigidas por la necesidad de incorporar las normas procesales penales de origen europeo. Pero son, en todo caso, las concretas exigencias de política legislativa interna las que han de marcar con mayor intensidad la pauta de las reformas procesales venideras.
This article analyzes the trends that have guided the reforms of criminal procedures in the European countries after II World War, with special attention to Germany, France, Spain and the United Kingdom. There has been a first struggle to enhance the accused’ procedural safeguards and to establish a more adversarial system of criminal justice. Two new trends have added to this one in the last two decades: on one hand, the interest in satisfying the victims’ rights within the criminal procedure; on the other, the need to reach a more efficient prosecution of serious and/or organized crimes –these allowing the grant of heavily coercive measures–. At the present time, and also looking into the future, it must be taken account on the reforms required by the incorporation to domestic legislation of many rules of criminal procedure passed at a European level. And, of course, there are always internal needs –different for each country– that shall mostly set the standard of procedural reforms to come.
This article analyzes the trends that have guided the reforms of criminal procedures in the European countries after II World War, with special attention to Germany, France, Spain and the United Kingdom. There has been a first struggle to enhance the accused’ procedural safeguards and to establish a more adversarial system of criminal justice. Two new trends have added to this one in the last two decades: on one hand, the interest in satisfying the victims’ rights within the criminal procedure; on the other, the need to reach a more efficient prosecution of serious and/or organized crimes –these allowing the grant of heavily coercive measures–. At the present time, and also looking into the future, it must be taken account on the reforms required by the incorporation to domestic legislation of many rules of criminal procedure passed at a European level. And, of course, there are always internal needs –different for each country– that shall mostly set the standard of procedural reforms to come.