Ecografía de las glándulas salivares en el síndrome de Sjögren primario
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2018
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28/06/2017
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La ecografía es una técnica de imagen útil en la evaluación morfológica de las glándulas salivales (GS) y se ha utilizado en el diagnóstico del Síndrome de Sjögren primario (SSp). Se ha propuesto incluir la ecografía de GS en los criterios de clasificación del SSp, pero aún son controvertidas su reproducibilidad, su capacidad diagnóstica y su valor en el seguimiento. Objetivos: 1. Describir el aspecto ecográfico normal y patológico en el SSp de las GS; 2. Desarrollar y validar una escala semicuantitativa de graduación de la alteración ecográfica de las GS en el SSp; 3. Evaluar la asociación de la alteración ecográfica de las GS en el SSp y su graduación con las características clínicas e inmunológicas de una muestra de pacientes con SSp. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron las GS de controles sanos y pacientes con SSp y se describieron los hallazgos ecográficos. Se desarrolló una escala ecográfica de graduación semicuantitativa y se evaluó la fiabilidad intra e inter-observador de la escala. Se aplicó la escala a una muestra de pacientes con SSp y se correlacionaron los hallazgos ecográficos con los datos demográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio. Resultados: Se desarrolló una escala ecográfica semicuantitativa de 4 grados (0-3). Los grados I y II se consideraron normales y los grados II y III patológicos. La fiabilidad intra-observador fue excelente (k 0,82-0,87) y la inter-observador de buena a excelente (k 0,71-0,81). Las alteraciones ecográficas se asociaron con la positividad de autoanticuerpos (p <0,01), la tumefacción parotídea (p 0,012) y el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad (p 0,021). Los pacientes con todos los autoanticuerpos positivos tuvieron una ecografía patológica en el 78,1% (25 de 36 pacientes) mientras que todos los pacientes sin autoanticuerpos tuvieron ecografía normal (13 pacientes). Conclusiones: La fiabilidad inter-e intra-observador de la escala semicuantitativa de graduación fue fiable. Las alteraciones ecográficas se asociaron con la positividad de autoanticuerpos en nuestra muestra de pacientes con SSp.
Primary Sjögren´s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by mouth and eyes dryness (xerostomía and xerophtalmia)1. Classification criteria of pSS includes subjective and objective dryness of mouth and eyes, and also objective autoimmune involvement2-4. T-cell infiltration of exocrine glands confirmed by minor salivary gland biopsy (MSG) and/or positive autoautoimmunity are mandatory to classified a patient as having pSS in the last published classification criteria3,4. Salivary gland ultrasound (SGU) has demonstrated to be useful and reliable to assess major salivary glands5, 6. Further, SGU seems to be as sensitive as sialography and salivary gland scintigraphy7, but more specific in the assessment of SG in pSS8. Moreover, SGU has been proposed to be included in the classification criteria for pSS9 additional to or instead of sialography and SG scintigraphy 10. Some authors suggested a relation between a pathological SGU and a positive MSG biopsy11, and other authors proposed to exchange salivary gland biopsy with SGU, but this change means a significant reduction in sensitivity, from 77.9% to 68.8%12. Even more interesting than it´s high specificity and it´s diagnosing usefulness is that SGU could be associated with more extra-glandular involvement and higher risk of lymphoma13. Some studies also have associated pSS findings in SGU with positive autoantibodies such as anti-SSA/SSB antibodies, rheumatoid factor (RF) and antinuclear antibodies (ANA)13-17. The main objective of our study is to describe the relation between pSS SGU findings with clinical data, extra-glandular involvement and immunological data in our pSS cohort...
Primary Sjögren´s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by mouth and eyes dryness (xerostomía and xerophtalmia)1. Classification criteria of pSS includes subjective and objective dryness of mouth and eyes, and also objective autoimmune involvement2-4. T-cell infiltration of exocrine glands confirmed by minor salivary gland biopsy (MSG) and/or positive autoautoimmunity are mandatory to classified a patient as having pSS in the last published classification criteria3,4. Salivary gland ultrasound (SGU) has demonstrated to be useful and reliable to assess major salivary glands5, 6. Further, SGU seems to be as sensitive as sialography and salivary gland scintigraphy7, but more specific in the assessment of SG in pSS8. Moreover, SGU has been proposed to be included in the classification criteria for pSS9 additional to or instead of sialography and SG scintigraphy 10. Some authors suggested a relation between a pathological SGU and a positive MSG biopsy11, and other authors proposed to exchange salivary gland biopsy with SGU, but this change means a significant reduction in sensitivity, from 77.9% to 68.8%12. Even more interesting than it´s high specificity and it´s diagnosing usefulness is that SGU could be associated with more extra-glandular involvement and higher risk of lymphoma13. Some studies also have associated pSS findings in SGU with positive autoantibodies such as anti-SSA/SSB antibodies, rheumatoid factor (RF) and antinuclear antibodies (ANA)13-17. The main objective of our study is to describe the relation between pSS SGU findings with clinical data, extra-glandular involvement and immunological data in our pSS cohort...
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, leída el 28/06/2017