Miedo y apocalipsis energético en el cine terror estadounidense (1968-1978)
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2024
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Edicions del Centre d’Estudis Històrics Internacionals de la Universitat de Barcelona (CEHI-UB)
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La dinámica de la guerra fría basada en la producción constante, y en la necesidad de mejorar no solo armamento sino tecnologías más eficientes, introdujo en la sociedad estadounidense el miedo a la destrucción y a la llegada de un fin del mundo. De hecho, las crisis de identidad ante las luchas contraculturales que reclamaban un cambio en las políticas gubernamentales desde finales de los cincuenta fueron una respuesta al pánico nuclear y a la violencia creciente tanto en el interior como en el exterior. Durante los sesenta y los setenta, los accidentes nucleares y medioambientales (Detroit, Michigan, 1966; Santa Bárbara, 1969; Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, 1979) y la crisis del petróleo de 1973 construyeron un discurso apocalíptico energético que influyó enormemente la narrativa del cine de terror estadounidense. Así, mientras que los zombis de La noche de los muertos vivientes (George A. Romero, 1968) simbolizaron las catastróficas consecuencias de los experimentos humanos en la forma de no muertos y la potencial autodestrucción de todos los seres vivos, La matanza de Texas (Tobe Hooper, 1974) presenta un espacio inhóspito y hostil carente de recursos donde los protagonistas deberán afrontar una brutal lucha por la supervivencia. El objetivo de esta comunicación es relacionar las películas de terror producidas entre 1968 y 1978 con el contexto histórico de Estados Unidos durante esta década. Durante esta década, las producciones de bajo presupuesto conformaron el movimiento conocido como American Gothic, que enfrentaba a la audiencia ante un panorama desolador con finales nihilistas. Dentro de las diferentes tipologías de monstruo, la deformación del ser humano a través del zombi, el redneck o el salvaje, nacido de la catástrofe nuclear o económica, fue una de las preeminentes. Como resultado, las recurrentes referencias a este tipo de antagonistas que, a través del canibalismo y la brutalidad, simbolizaban ese miedo a la destrucción y la posibilidad de no retorno a una etapa de prosperidad y seguridad.
The dynamics during the Cold War based on constant production and improved weaponry, as well as more efficient technologies, brought about fear of destruction and a possible end of the world. Indeed, identity crises of countercultural struggles and claims for a change in government policies since the late 1950s were a response to nuclear panic and growing violence at home and abroad. During the 1960s and 1970s, nuclear and environmental accidents (Detroit, Michigan, 1966; Santa Barbara, 1969; Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, 1979) and the 1973 oil crisis built anapocalyptic discourse that influenced the American horror cinema. Thus, while the zombies of Night of the Living Dead (George A. Romero, 1973) symbolised the catastrophic consequences of human experimentation through the undead and the potential self-destruction of all living things, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (Tobe Hooper, 1974) presented an inhospitable and hostile space lacking resources where the main characters must face a brutal struggle for survival. This paper is aimed at analysing the horror films produced between 1968 and 1978 and relate them to the historical context of the United States. During that decade, low-budget productions configured the film movement, American Gothic, which confronted audiences with a bleak picture with nihilistic endings. Within the different typologies of monsters, the deformation of the human being through the zombie, the redneck or the savage, born out of nuclear or economic catastrophe, was one of the pre-eminent ones. As a result, the recurrent references to such antagonists who, through cannibalism and brutality, symbolised this fear of destruction and the possibility of no return to a period of prosperity and security
The dynamics during the Cold War based on constant production and improved weaponry, as well as more efficient technologies, brought about fear of destruction and a possible end of the world. Indeed, identity crises of countercultural struggles and claims for a change in government policies since the late 1950s were a response to nuclear panic and growing violence at home and abroad. During the 1960s and 1970s, nuclear and environmental accidents (Detroit, Michigan, 1966; Santa Barbara, 1969; Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, 1979) and the 1973 oil crisis built anapocalyptic discourse that influenced the American horror cinema. Thus, while the zombies of Night of the Living Dead (George A. Romero, 1973) symbolised the catastrophic consequences of human experimentation through the undead and the potential self-destruction of all living things, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (Tobe Hooper, 1974) presented an inhospitable and hostile space lacking resources where the main characters must face a brutal struggle for survival. This paper is aimed at analysing the horror films produced between 1968 and 1978 and relate them to the historical context of the United States. During that decade, low-budget productions configured the film movement, American Gothic, which confronted audiences with a bleak picture with nihilistic endings. Within the different typologies of monsters, the deformation of the human being through the zombie, the redneck or the savage, born out of nuclear or economic catastrophe, was one of the pre-eminent ones. As a result, the recurrent references to such antagonists who, through cannibalism and brutality, symbolised this fear of destruction and the possibility of no return to a period of prosperity and security
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