La física de los instrumentos musicales de cuerda
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2025
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En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado he estudiado la física de los instrumentos musicales de cuerda, con especial atención al fenómeno de la inarmonicidad, es decir, la desviación de los armónicos con respecto a los múltiplos exactos de la frecuencia fundamental. He partido del análisis teórico del movimiento de una cuerda vibrante, derivando su ecuación de onda y mostrando la formación de ondas estacionarias y modos normales de vibración. He analizado los instrumentos de cuerda según su clasificación en pulsados, percutidos y frotados, con ejemplos como la guitarra, el piano y el violín, valorando sus particularidades físicas.
El fenómeno de la inarmonicidad se modela matemáticamente mediante una corrección a la ecuación de onda que incorpora la rigidez del material, introduciendo un parámetro B que cuantifica el efecto. Experimentalmente, he realizado una serie de mediciones con osciloscopio y transformada de Fourier (FFT) sobre cuerdas de diversos materiales y grosores (nailon, acero y níquel), montadas en distintos instrumentos: monocordio, guitarra clásica, bajo, piano y guitarra eléctrica. Se han comparado los valores experimentales del coeficiente B con los teóricos, revelando discrepancias atribuibles a incertidumbres en el módulo de Young y el tratamiento del material por los fabricantes. He conseguido concluir que, pese a estas diferencias, los resultados son razonablemente compatibles en orden de magnitud, destacando el primer cálculo experimental de B para una cuerda de bajo.
In this Bachelor's Thesis, I have studied the physics of stringed musical instruments, with special attention to the phenomenon of inharmonicity, that is, the deviation of the harmonics from the exact multiples of the fundamental frequency. I started with a theoretical analysis of the motion of a vibrating string, deriving its wave equation and showing the formation of standing waves and normal modes of vibration. I have analyzed string instruments based on their classification into plucked, struck, and bowed, using examples such as the guitar, piano, and violin, and evaluating their physical particularities. The phenomenon of inharmonicity is mathematically modeled through a correction to the wave equation that incorporates the material's stiffness, introducing a parameter B that quantifies the effect. Experimentally, I have performed a series of measurements with an oscilloscope and Fourier transform (FFT) on strings made of various materials and thicknesses (nylon, steel, and nickel), mounted on different instruments: monochord, classical guitar, bass, piano, and electric guitar. The experimental values of the coefficient B have been compared with the theoretical ones, revealing discrepancies attributable to uncertainties in Young's modulus and the treatment of the material by the manufacturers. I have concluded that, despite these differences, the results are reasonably compatible in order of magnitude, highlighting the first experimental calculation of B for a bass string.
In this Bachelor's Thesis, I have studied the physics of stringed musical instruments, with special attention to the phenomenon of inharmonicity, that is, the deviation of the harmonics from the exact multiples of the fundamental frequency. I started with a theoretical analysis of the motion of a vibrating string, deriving its wave equation and showing the formation of standing waves and normal modes of vibration. I have analyzed string instruments based on their classification into plucked, struck, and bowed, using examples such as the guitar, piano, and violin, and evaluating their physical particularities. The phenomenon of inharmonicity is mathematically modeled through a correction to the wave equation that incorporates the material's stiffness, introducing a parameter B that quantifies the effect. Experimentally, I have performed a series of measurements with an oscilloscope and Fourier transform (FFT) on strings made of various materials and thicknesses (nylon, steel, and nickel), mounted on different instruments: monochord, classical guitar, bass, piano, and electric guitar. The experimental values of the coefficient B have been compared with the theoretical ones, revealing discrepancies attributable to uncertainties in Young's modulus and the treatment of the material by the manufacturers. I have concluded that, despite these differences, the results are reasonably compatible in order of magnitude, highlighting the first experimental calculation of B for a bass string.













