Resolution of the ordinal phylogeny of mosses using targeted exons from organellar and nuclear genomes

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Mosses are a highly diverse lineage of land plants, whose diversification, spanning at least 400 million years, remains phylogenetically ambiguous due to the lack of fossils, massive early extinctions, late radiations, limited morphological variation, and conflicting signal among previously used markers. Here, we present phylogenetic reconstructions based on complete organellar exomes and a comparable set of nuclear genes for this major lineage of land plants. Our analysis of 142 species representing 29 of the 30 moss orders reveals that relative average rates of non-synonymous substitutions in nuclear versus plastid genes are much higher in mosses than in seed plants, consistent with the emerging concept of evolutionary dynamism in mosses. Our results highlight the evolutionary significance of taxa with reduced morphologies, shed light on the relative tempo and mechanisms underlying major cladogenic events, and suggest hypotheses for the relationships and delineation of moss orders.
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This study was made possible through financial support from the US National Science Foundation (grants DEB-1240045 to BG; DEB-1239992 to N.J.W.; DEB-1239980 to A.J.S.), from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Technologia (FCT), Portugal (PTDC/BIA-EVF/1499/2014 to C.J.C.), as well as from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 31470314 to Y.L.). DEB-1146168 to B.A. covered the specimen acquisition The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA; accession no. SRP118564, SRP128062). Information about the target capture gene set, gene recovery statistics, multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic trees are available from the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.tj3gd75]. All other relevant data are available from the authors.
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