Estudio de la relación de los metabolitos bacterianos trimetilamina N-óxido y trimetilamina con la enfermedad cardiovascular y la función renal en pacientes infectados por VIH
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2019
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23/11/2018
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Los avances en la terapia antirretroviral para el tratamiento de la infección por VIH han supuesto un antes y un después en el manejo clínico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes, consiguiendo prolongadas supervivencias libres de enfermedad en la mayor parte de los pacientes que viven con VIH (PWIH) (Duprez, 2009). Actualmente la enfermedad cardiovascular {ECV) es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en PWIH presentando mayor riesgo que la población general. Los factores de riesgo tradicionales son responsables de una parte importante pero no son los únicos, también lo son la inflamación crónica causada por el VIH, la inmunodeficiencia y la posible acción directa de ciertos antirretrovirales (GEAM, 2014). Es conocido que algunos metabolitos generados por la microbiota intestinal son proaterogénicos y que en PWIH, incluyendo a los que controlan la replicación viral con TAR, la microbiota intestinal es muy distinta de la población no infectada. La disbiosis constante puede producir un impacto en la actividad inmunológica del intestino originando la difusión de bacterias e inflamación sistémica (Ufnal, 2015). Los metabolitos de la fosfatidilcolina en la dieta son esenciales para ciertas funciones biológicas pero también parece que poseen cierto potencial aterogénico. La fosfatidilcolina dietética es una fuente importante de colina, que se metaboliza por la microbiota intestinal a trimetilamina {TMA). En el hígado, la TMA se oxida a trimetilamina-N-óxido (TMAO) (Tang, 2014; Ufnal, 2015). La evidencia generada en población no VIH durante los últimos años sugiere que concentraciones plasmáticas de TMAO elevadas podrían tener un papel como un nuevo marcador de un mayor riesgo cardiovascular. Estudios clínicos apuntan hacia una correlación positiva entre elevados niveles plasmáticos de TMAO, no con el TMA, y un aumento del riesgo cardiovascular, independientemente de los factores de riesgo tradicionales. Una baja tasa de filtrado glomerular junto a otros factores de riesgo, como son la hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus, fueron habituales en el cuartil superior de niveles plasmáticos de TMAO. (Tang, 2014; Ufnal, 2015). Los niveles de TMAO también se han relacionado con enfermedades renales. Concentraciones elevadas de TMAO se han asociado con una disminución de la función renal en pacientes con ERC normalizándose tras el trasplante renal. Los niveles de TMAO correlacionaron un aumento de la inflamación sistémica y fueron un predictor independiente de la mortalidad en pacientes con ERC 3-5 (Missailidis, 2016)...
The advances in antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection have been a befare and after in the clinical management and quality of life of HIV patients, achieving prolongad disease-free survival (Duprez , 2009). Currently, cardiovascular disease (CD) is one of the main causes of mortality in PLHIV, presenting a higher risk than general population. The traditional risk factors are responsible for a relevant part but are not the only ones, also are the chronicinflammation caused by HIV, immunodeficiency and the possible direct action of certain antiretroviral drugs (GEAM, 2014). lt is known that sorne metabolites generated by the intestinal microbiota are proatherogenic and that in PLHIV the intestinal microbiota is very different from the non-infectad population, including those patients well controlled with TAR. Continuous dysbiosis can produce an impact on the immunological activity of the intestina, causing bacteria! diffusion and systemic inflammation (Ufnal, 2015). Metabolites of diet phosphatidylcholine are essential for certain biological functions but also appear to have certain atherogenic activity. Dietary phosphatidylcholine is an important source of choline, which is metabolized by intestinal microbiota to trimethylamine (TMA). In the liver, the TMA is oxidized to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) (Tang, 2014; Ufnal, 2015). The evidence generated in the non-HIV population during the last years suggests that high plasma concentration of TMAO may have a role as a new marker of increased cardiovascular risk. Clinical trials indicate a positiva correlation between elevated plasma TMAO levels, not TMA, and increased cardiovascular risk, regardless of traditional risk factors. A low glomerular filtration rate together with other risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, were common in the highest quartile of plasma TMAO levels (Tang, 2014, Ufnal, 2015). Variations in TMAO levels have also been relatad to kidney disease. Elevated TMAO levels were strongly associated with decrease of renal function in CKD and were normaliza after renal transplantation. TMAO levels correlatas with increased systemic inflammation and is an independent predictor of mortality in CKD 3-5 patients (Missailidis, 2016)...
The advances in antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection have been a befare and after in the clinical management and quality of life of HIV patients, achieving prolongad disease-free survival (Duprez , 2009). Currently, cardiovascular disease (CD) is one of the main causes of mortality in PLHIV, presenting a higher risk than general population. The traditional risk factors are responsible for a relevant part but are not the only ones, also are the chronicinflammation caused by HIV, immunodeficiency and the possible direct action of certain antiretroviral drugs (GEAM, 2014). lt is known that sorne metabolites generated by the intestinal microbiota are proatherogenic and that in PLHIV the intestinal microbiota is very different from the non-infectad population, including those patients well controlled with TAR. Continuous dysbiosis can produce an impact on the immunological activity of the intestina, causing bacteria! diffusion and systemic inflammation (Ufnal, 2015). Metabolites of diet phosphatidylcholine are essential for certain biological functions but also appear to have certain atherogenic activity. Dietary phosphatidylcholine is an important source of choline, which is metabolized by intestinal microbiota to trimethylamine (TMA). In the liver, the TMA is oxidized to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) (Tang, 2014; Ufnal, 2015). The evidence generated in the non-HIV population during the last years suggests that high plasma concentration of TMAO may have a role as a new marker of increased cardiovascular risk. Clinical trials indicate a positiva correlation between elevated plasma TMAO levels, not TMA, and increased cardiovascular risk, regardless of traditional risk factors. A low glomerular filtration rate together with other risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, were common in the highest quartile of plasma TMAO levels (Tang, 2014, Ufnal, 2015). Variations in TMAO levels have also been relatad to kidney disease. Elevated TMAO levels were strongly associated with decrease of renal function in CKD and were normaliza after renal transplantation. TMAO levels correlatas with increased systemic inflammation and is an independent predictor of mortality in CKD 3-5 patients (Missailidis, 2016)...
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, leída el 23/11/2018