Efectos del cambio climático sobre la fauna edáfica: estudio experimental en una parcela en la Sierra de Guadarrama (España)
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2025
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24/01/2025
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A pesar de la cantidad de trabajos existentes sobre los efectos del cambio climático en diversos tipos de ecosistemas y su biodiversidad, no se ha estudiado mucho el efecto del mismo sobre el medio edáfico y su abundante y diversa fauna y los pocos estudios realizados no muestran resultados claros y muchas veces se contradicen entre sí. Para suplir este vacío de conocimiento y aprovechando un diseño experimental preexistente, se estudió, en una parcela de la Sierra de Guadarrama donde se habían plantado pinos silvestres, el efecto del incremento de temperatura y de la limitación del agua de lluvia sobre la fauna edáfica, mediante el empleo de cámaras OTCs y dispositivos ROSs, respectivamente. Tras cinco meses, se observó que en la mayoría de las divisiones de terreno se habían muerto los pinos y se recogieron las muestras de suelo y de lombrices de tierra y una vez en el laboratorio, se extrajeron los artrópodos edáficos. Posteriormente, se analizaron los parámetros físico-químicos del suelo y se identificaron a la lupa binocular los artrópodos y los oligoquetos. Con estos últimos organismos, se llevó a cabo también una identificación mediante técnicas moleculares, debido a la abundancia de individuos juveniles. Los resultados mostraron como los grupos más representados de artrópodos edáficos fueron los ácaros y los colémbolos. Respecto a las lombrices de tierra, se identificaron tres especies. Tras realizar los análisis estadísticos entre tratamientos climáticos, aparecieron diferencias significativas en la fracción superior a 2 mm y en la abundancia de Lumbricus, un género de oligoquetos, que mostró los menores valores en los tratamientos climáticos con cámaras OTC, mientras que la otra variable presentó los valores más altos en este tipo de tratamiento climático. Según la viabilidad de los pinos (pinos vivos o pinos muertos), aparecieron diferencias significativas en el mismo parámetro edáfico, en tres variables relacionadas con oligoquetos y en otras cuatro relacionadas con ácaros; mostrando estas, valores más elevados bajo los pinos vivos en todos los casos, excepto el anterior parámetro edáfico, que presentó los valores mayores bajo los pinos que se habían secado. Los resultados mostraron la complejidad de las interacciones entre factores ambientales y sus efectos sobre la fauna edáfica.
Despite the amount of existing studies on the effects of climate change on different types of ecosystems and their biodiversity, the effect of this on the edaphic environment and its abundant and diverse fauna has not been studied much, and the few studies carried out do not show clear results and often contradict each other. To fill this gap in knowledge and taking advantage of a existing experimental design, the effect of increased temperature and rainwater limitation on the edaphic fauna was studied in a plot in the Sierra de Guadarrama where scots pines had been planted, using OTC chambers and ROS devices, respectively. After five months, it was observed that in the mosto f land divisions the pines had died and soil and earthworms samples were collected and once in the laboratory, the soil arthropods were extracted. Subsequently, the physicalchemical parameters of the soil were analysed and the arthropods and oligochaetes were identified using a bonicular lens. The latter organisms were also identified by molecular techniques, due to the abundance of juvenile individuals. The results showed that the most represented groups of edaphic arthropods were mites and springtails. Regarding earthworms, three species were identified. After performing the statistical analyses between climatic treatments, significant diffrences appeared in the fraction greater than 2 mm and in the abundance of Lumbricus, a genus of oligochaetes which showed the lowest values in the climatic treatments with OTC chambers, whilst the other variable presented the highest values in this type of climatic treatment. According to the viability of the pines (live pines or dead pines), significant differences appeared in the same edpahic parameter, in three variables related to oligochaetes and in another four variables related to mites; showing these higher values under the live pines in all cases, except the previous edaphic parameter, which presented the highest values under the pines that had dried out. The results showed the complexity of the interactions between environmental factors and their effects on the edaphic fauna.
Despite the amount of existing studies on the effects of climate change on different types of ecosystems and their biodiversity, the effect of this on the edaphic environment and its abundant and diverse fauna has not been studied much, and the few studies carried out do not show clear results and often contradict each other. To fill this gap in knowledge and taking advantage of a existing experimental design, the effect of increased temperature and rainwater limitation on the edaphic fauna was studied in a plot in the Sierra de Guadarrama where scots pines had been planted, using OTC chambers and ROS devices, respectively. After five months, it was observed that in the mosto f land divisions the pines had died and soil and earthworms samples were collected and once in the laboratory, the soil arthropods were extracted. Subsequently, the physicalchemical parameters of the soil were analysed and the arthropods and oligochaetes were identified using a bonicular lens. The latter organisms were also identified by molecular techniques, due to the abundance of juvenile individuals. The results showed that the most represented groups of edaphic arthropods were mites and springtails. Regarding earthworms, three species were identified. After performing the statistical analyses between climatic treatments, significant diffrences appeared in the fraction greater than 2 mm and in the abundance of Lumbricus, a genus of oligochaetes which showed the lowest values in the climatic treatments with OTC chambers, whilst the other variable presented the highest values in this type of climatic treatment. According to the viability of the pines (live pines or dead pines), significant differences appeared in the same edpahic parameter, in three variables related to oligochaetes and in another four variables related to mites; showing these higher values under the live pines in all cases, except the previous edaphic parameter, which presented the highest values under the pines that had dried out. The results showed the complexity of the interactions between environmental factors and their effects on the edaphic fauna.