Ciclo del carbono y clima: la perspectiva geológica
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2010
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Asociación Española para la Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra
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El ciclo del carbono aglutina los almacenes de ese elemento en el sistema Tierra (litosfera, hidrosfera, biosfera, atmósfera y rizosfera) y los flujos que se producen entre ellos. Las capacidades de esos almacenes y las tasas de intercambio entre ellos son extraordinariamente diversas por lo que, según la escala temporal considerada, encontraremos diferentes “ciclos” del carbono. A escalas temporales de millones de años, los flujos son lentos y se producen entre la litosfera y el “sistema de superficie”, definiendo el ciclo del carbono de largo término, un concepto diferente del más difundido ciclo del carbono a escalas temporales breves (de años a siglos), que recoge los rápidos flujos entre la atmósfera, la hidrosfera, la biosfera y la rizosfera, y que hoy es analizado “en tiempo real”. Entre esas perspectivas temporales extremas existen situaciones intermedias, que precisan de la definición de nuevos ciclos relativos a esas escalas de tiempo. En este trabajo nos centramos en el ciclo del carbono de largo término, analizando los mecanismos que lo controlan y las consecuencias que han tenido sobre la historia ambiental de la Tierra durante el Fanerozoico. También analizamos situaciones de cambio en el ciclo del carbono a escalas temporales intermedias, como los hipertermales y las glaciaciones del Cuaternario. Entender el ciclo del carbono desde una perspectiva geológica resulta hoy esencial para valorar la perturbación global que el ciclo está experimentando en la actualidad y sus posibles consecuencias futuras.
The carbon cycle involves the carbon reservoirs in the Earth system (i.e., lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and rhizosphere) and the carbon fluxes occurring among them. The capacity of each reservoir and the exchange rates are strongly diverse, and because of this, depending on the considered time perspective, different “cycles” will arise. At time scales of millions of years, carbon fluxes are slow and take place essentially between the lithosphere and the “surface system”, these defining the long-term carbon cycle, notably different to the more popular short-term carbon cycle (time scales of years to centuries) which involves the fast fluxes occurring among the biosphere, the oceans, the soils, and the atmosphere. Between the long- and the short-term cycles, many intermediate-scale situations appear which need of new cycle definitions according to time scales. This review concentrates in the long-term carbon cycle, its controlling mechanisms and its consequences during the environmental history of the Fanerozoic. Also, intermediate time-scale carbon perturbations are considered, as the so-called hyperthermals and the Quaternary glaciations. A firm understanding of the carbon cycles from a geological perspective is critical for understanding and evaluating the global perturbation that the cycle is now experiencing, as well as its future consequences
The carbon cycle involves the carbon reservoirs in the Earth system (i.e., lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and rhizosphere) and the carbon fluxes occurring among them. The capacity of each reservoir and the exchange rates are strongly diverse, and because of this, depending on the considered time perspective, different “cycles” will arise. At time scales of millions of years, carbon fluxes are slow and take place essentially between the lithosphere and the “surface system”, these defining the long-term carbon cycle, notably different to the more popular short-term carbon cycle (time scales of years to centuries) which involves the fast fluxes occurring among the biosphere, the oceans, the soils, and the atmosphere. Between the long- and the short-term cycles, many intermediate-scale situations appear which need of new cycle definitions according to time scales. This review concentrates in the long-term carbon cycle, its controlling mechanisms and its consequences during the environmental history of the Fanerozoic. Also, intermediate time-scale carbon perturbations are considered, as the so-called hyperthermals and the Quaternary glaciations. A firm understanding of the carbon cycles from a geological perspective is critical for understanding and evaluating the global perturbation that the cycle is now experiencing, as well as its future consequences