Superconductividad topológica en presencia de desorden
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2025
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Abstract
Los superconductores topológicos constituyen una gran alternativa ante los problemas que presentan hoy en día los ordenadores cuánticos, debido a la robustez de estos estados en presencia de perturbaciones. En este trabajo se pretende realizar un estudio de estos sistemas en presencia de desorden y cómo responden frente a este. Para poder abarcar este tema se realizará primeramente una introducción a los sistemas desordenados, donde veremos las consecuencias de introducir un potencial aleatorio al Hamiltoniano del sistema y su resolución a través de la aproximación de enlace fuerte, obteniendo finalmente una transición entre estados localizados y deslocalizados en función
del tamaño debido a una ley de escala. Posteriormente, revisaremos brevemente los conceptos más básicos de la fenomenología de la superconductividad: características y teoría BCS. Tras esto, veremos cómo se definen los estados topológicos a través del teorema adiabático y la fase de Berry, así como otros invariantes topológicos como el número de Chern. A continuación, definiremos qué son los fermiones de Majorana y sus propiedades, con lo que pasaremos a estudiar la cadena de Kitaev como modelo de superconductor topológico. A partir de aquí deduciremos las distintas fases que presentan estos sistemas, definiendo los modos cero de Majorana y cómo el desorden les afecta. Finalmente, se realizarán distintos cálculos numéricos para comprobar los resultados teóricos obtenidos.
Topological superconductors present a great alternative to the problems that currently face quantum computing, due to the stability of these states in presence of perturbations. In this project we will study these sistems in presence of disorder and how they respond to it. To explore this topic, an introduction to disordered systems will be first introducted. We will examine the consequences of introducing a random potential into the system’s Hamiltonian and its resolution using the tight-binding approximation, leading to a transition between localized and delocalized states in function of the size, following a scaling law. Then, we will briefly review the basic concepts of superconductivity phenomena: caracteristics and BCS theory [2],[3]. Afterwards, we will see how topological states are defined through the adiabatic theorem and Berry’s phase, as well as other topological invariants such as the Chern number. Next, we will define Majorana fermions and its properties, leading us to study Kitaev’s chain as a model of topological superconductor. From there, we will derive the differente phases these sistems exhibit, defining Majorana zero modes and analyzing how disorder affects them. Finally, different numerical calculations will be carried out to confirm the theorical results obtained.
Topological superconductors present a great alternative to the problems that currently face quantum computing, due to the stability of these states in presence of perturbations. In this project we will study these sistems in presence of disorder and how they respond to it. To explore this topic, an introduction to disordered systems will be first introducted. We will examine the consequences of introducing a random potential into the system’s Hamiltonian and its resolution using the tight-binding approximation, leading to a transition between localized and delocalized states in function of the size, following a scaling law. Then, we will briefly review the basic concepts of superconductivity phenomena: caracteristics and BCS theory [2],[3]. Afterwards, we will see how topological states are defined through the adiabatic theorem and Berry’s phase, as well as other topological invariants such as the Chern number. Next, we will define Majorana fermions and its properties, leading us to study Kitaev’s chain as a model of topological superconductor. From there, we will derive the differente phases these sistems exhibit, defining Majorana zero modes and analyzing how disorder affects them. Finally, different numerical calculations will be carried out to confirm the theorical results obtained.













