Oxidative and Molecular-Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole
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2025
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Falero, C., Huanca, W., Barrios-Arpi, L., Lira-Mejía, B., Ramos-Coaguila, O., Torres, E., Ramos, E., Romero, A., & Ramos-Gonzalez, M. (2025). Oxidative and Molecular-Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole. Toxics, 13(3), 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13030176
Abstract
Triazole pesticides are widely used throughout the world, but their abuse causes toxic effects in non-targeted organisms. In the present study, the cytotoxic effect of the triazole ipconazole was evaluated in porcine and ram spermatozoa. Ipconazole significantly reduced sperm viability, increased ROS levels, altered catalase and SOD enzyme activity, and caused alterations in the molecular mRNA expression of structural biomarkers (PRM1, ODF2, AKAP4, THEG, SPACA3 and CLGN) related to fertility in males, as well as the overexpression of BAX (cell death) and ROMO1 (oxidative stress) mRNA. Our results indicate that the fungicide triazole is involved in cellular, enzymatic and molecular alteration of porcine and ram spermatozoa, and is possibly a factor in the development of infertility in male mammals
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Author Contributions:
Conceptualization, W.H., E.T. and M.R.-G.; Data curation, L.B.-A.; Formal analysis, B.L.-M., A.R. and and E.R.; Funding acquisition, M.R.-G.; Investigation, C.F., B.L.-M., L.B.-A., O.R.-C., E.T. and M.R.-G.; Methodology, C.F., O.R.-C., E.T. and A.R.; Project administration, M.R.-G.; Resources, W.H., B.L.-M. and O.R.-C.; Software, A.R.; Validation, M.R.-G.; Visualization, W.H., L.B.-A.